PERSONA

This word, which in Latin means an actor's mask, refers to the personality of the writer within the text. This does not equate with his or her character in life: in The Canterbury Tales Chaucer assumes the persona of an innocent and credulous pilgrim but he was a sophisticated man. Even inside this work he shows himself, as narrator, to be shrewd and critical.

Trouthe

When reading Chaucer it is vital to realise that some words, which appear like modern English terms, have important differences in meaning. Trouthe does not mean truth but is a solemn promise on which a person's entire integrity resides and which must not be broken under any circumstances. The Franklin's Tale in The Canterbury Tales has its narrative base in two such conflicting promises.

COURTLY LOVE

This is a retrospective term used by modern readers to denote a code of practice of love in Medieval times. It was probably more aspirational and fictional than actually practised. In the idealised form, a man loves a disdainful woman from afar and she may be married as well as superior to him in rank.  He serves her, pines for her and, in hyperbolic language, may threaten to die for her because of his torment of unrequited passion.
Chaucer's "Knight's Tale" is an example of this where the two men, Palamon and Arcite, fight over Emelye, who barely knows they exist.
Click here to see my analysis of this Tale on my literary website.

LITOTES

This term is pronounced with three syllables and long vowels and means understatement. It is often used with a negative: he is not a generous man - meaning he is very mean.
This idiom is common in Chaucer who says of the Clerk of Oxford ; "he nas nat [was not] right fat ", indicating that the man was extremely thin.
(Note that double or even triple negatives do not cancel each other out in late Middle English; they merely emphasize.)

USE OF ITALICS IN LITERATURE ESSAY

It is a convention, when writing about literature, to use italics for the titles of whole works. The titles of chapters, sections or individual poems are enclosed in double inverted commas.
In Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, one of the most popular is "The Wife of Bath's Tale."

If you are handwriting an essay, use underlining to represent italics.